Question: Do I need an anti-virus program for my Mac? I’ve read that Macs are immune to viruses and other nasty things that are common in the Windows world, but my Windows-using friends say I should run an anti-virus program on my Mac.

The trap that many Mac users fall into is believing that because there are currently no known viruses targeting the Mac, it's safe from attack. In reality, the Mac OS, its included applications, and third-party applications have and will continue to have security issues that can allow some form of attack; it's just that the attack isn't likely to be from a virus. But if something erases your data, gains access to your personal information, blocks the use of your Mac holding it ransom, or manipulates web pages to generate ad revenue, you're not likely to care whether it was a virus, an attack launched through a web site, or a Trojan horse you allowed to be installed; however it happened, your Mac is still infected with a nasty bit of malware or adware.

Mac users often ask whether they should install 'anti-virus' (AV) or 'anti-malware' software. The short answer is 'no,' but it may give the wrong impression that there is no threat from what are loosely called 'viruses.' There is a threat. This is a comment on what you should—and should not—do to protect yourself from malicious software ('malware') that circulates on the Internet and gets onto a computer as an unintended consequence of the user's actions. It does not apply to software, such as keystroke loggers, that may be installed deliberately by an intruder who has hands-on access to the computer, or who has been able to take control of it remotely. That threat is in a different category, and there's no easy way to defend against it. AV software is not intended to, and does not, defend against such attacks.

The comment is long because the issue is complex. The key points are in sections 5 and 11. OS X now implements three layers of built-in protection specifically against malware, not counting runtime protections such as,,,, system library randomization, and that may also guard against other kinds of exploits. All versions of OS X since 10.6.7 have been able to detect known Mac malware in downloaded files, and to block insecure web plugins. This feature is transparent to the user. Internally Apple calls it 'XProtect.' The malware recognition database used by XProtect is automatically updated; however, you shouldn't rely on it, because the attackers are always at least a day ahead of the defenders.

The following caveats apply to XProtect: ☞ It can be bypassed by some third-party networking software, such as BitTorrent clients and Java applets. ☞ It only applies to software downloaded from the network.

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Software installed from a CD or other media is not checked. As new versions of OS X are released, it's not clear whether Apple will indefinitely continue to maintain the XProtect database of older versions such as 10.6. The security of obsolete system versions may eventually be degraded. Security updates to the code of obsolete systems will stop being released at some point, and that may leave them open to other kinds of attack besides malware. Starting with OS X 10.7.5, there has been a second layer of built-in malware protection, designated ' by Apple.

By default, applications and Installer packages downloaded from the network will only run if they're digitally signed by a developer with a certificate issued by Apple. Software certified in this way hasn't been checked for security by Apple unless it comes from the App Store, but you can be reasonably sure that it hasn't been modified by anyone other than the developer. His identity is known to Apple, so he could be held legally responsible if he distributed malware. That may not mean much if the developer lives in a country with a weak legal system (see below.) Gatekeeper doesn't depend on a database of known malware. It has, however, the same limitations as XProtect, and in addition the following: ☞ It can easily be disabled or overridden by the user. ☞ A malware attacker could, or could get control of a code-signing certificate under false pretenses, or could simply ignore the consequences of distributing.